Well-drained soil is ideal, typically sandy loam to loam (sandy to loamy), with a pH around 6.0–7.0.
Soil Drainage
Well-drained soil; dryish to moderately moist conditions; prefers sandy-loam, gravelly, or sandy soils; avoid waterlogged or heavy clay soils; tolerates drought.
Soil pH
6.0-7.0 Neutral to slightly acidic
Lifecycle
Lifecycle
Primarily biennial, with winter annual and occasionally summer annual forms; some sources also list as perennial
Leaf Lifecycle
Deciduous
Seasons of Interest
Summer and Fall
Bloom Time
Summer and Fall
Reproduction
Propagation Methods
Seeds and Cuttings---------------------------------------- Seeds: Sow unstratified seed in fall or stratify in spring; Cuttings: Tip cuttings can be taken in spring
Wildlife
Attracts Wildlife
Bees: Yes, Hummingbirds: Not mentioned, Butterflies: Yes, Other pollinators: Yes, Birds: Yes