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Oenothera biennis

North American biennial native from Canada to Central Mexico with tall growth and large yellow flowers that open at night, tolerant of poor soils and self-seeding, widely naturalized beyond its native range, with an edible root used in salads and soups and an oil rich in gamma-linolenic acids used in medicines and environmental applications

Is Oenothera biennis growing in your garden? Record it and all of your plants in Known.

Common Names

Common Evening Primrose, Evening Primrose, Common Evening-Primrose, King's Cure-All, Fever Plant, German Rampion, Evening Star, Weedy Evening Primrose, Sun Drop, Sundrop

Summary

Common evening-primrose is a native North American biennial herb that grows 3–6 ft tall. In year one it forms a basal rosette, and in year two a tall flowering stem develops. It bears large, lemon-scented yellow flowers with four petals that open in the evening and are fragrant, produced along a leafy spike. The plant has a long taproot and a self-seeding habit. Edible parts include roots, shoots, and seeds, and the seed oil contains gamma-linolenic acid.

Culture and uses: It favors full sun and well-drained soils, tolerates poor soils and drought once established, and grows in dry open fields, roadsides, waste areas, prairies, and disturbed habitats. Typically hardy in USDA zones 4–9. It is easily grown from seed, with propagation by sowing in fall or early spring. It self-seeds and may naturalize and can be somewhat weedy. Regular watering is needed but avoid overwatering. Pests and diseases may include powdery mildew and leaf spot. It is ornamental in gardens, provides wildlife habitat with nectar for moths and bees, seeds eaten by birds, and the seed oil is rich in gamma-linolenic acid.

Lifecycle

Biennial

Height

1 ft - 6 ft 7 in

Spread

2-3 feet

Hardiness Zones

Zones 4-9

Sunlight Requirements

Ideally full sun to partial shade.

Soil Type

Well-drained loamy or sandy soil with a pH of 6.0–7.0; moderately fertile and enriched with organic matter.

Soil Drainage

Well-drained soil

Soil pH

Tolerates all pH levels

Bloom Color

Yellow

Bloom Time

Summer and Fall

Foliage Color

Green, including grey-green and light to olive-green shades, sometimes with a reddish tint and may turn red as it dies.

Fall Foliage Color

Green, often with a reddish tint

Leaf Lifecycle

Deciduous

Growth Rate

Fast

Seasons of Interest

Summer and Fall

Propagation Methods

Seeds, Cuttings, Division, Transplanting

Attracts Wildlife

Bees, hummingbirds, butterflies, moths, and birds are attracted

Taxonomy

Taxonomic Rank
Species
Author
L.
Publication
Sp. Pl. : 346 (1753)

Superior Taxa

Kingdom
Plantae
Subkingdom
Pteridobiotina
Phylum
Angiosperms
Order
Myrtales
Family
Onagraceae
Genus
Oenothera

Inferior Taxa

Oenothera biennis f. stenopetala

Synonyms

Oenothera brevispicata Oenothera gauroides Oenothera tacikii Oenothera flaemingina Oenothera ersteinensis Oenothera glabra Oenothera inconspecta Oenothera carinthiaca Oenothera cambrica Oenothera compacta Onagra chrysantha Onagra europaea Onagra media Oenothera suaveolens Oenothera stucchii Onosuris acuminata Onagra vulgaris Oenothera paralamarckiana Oenothera paradoxa Oenothera octolineata Oenothera pellegrinii Oenothera obscurifolia Oenothera mediomarchica Oenothera media Oenothera macrosperma Oenothera nissensis Oenothera sesitensis Oenothera shulliana Oenothera sackvillensis Oenothera sabulosa Oenothera stenomeres Oenothera renneri Oenothera pyramidiflora Oenothera rubricaulis Oenothera suaveolens var. latipetala Oenothera victorinii Oenothera pedemontana Oenothera salicastrum Oenothera rubiennis Oenothera biennis subsp. chicaginensis Oenothera rubricauloides Oenothera wratislaviensis Brunyera biennis Oenothera biennis f. grandiflora Oenothera biennis var. grandiflora Oenothera chicagoensis Onagra biennis Oenothera biennis var. pycnocarpa Oenothera biennis f. biennis Onagra muricata Oenothera pycnocarpa Oenothera tracyi Oenothera royfraseri Oenothera sackvillensis var. royfraseri Oenothera grandiflora var. tracyi Oenothera numismatica Oenothera pratincola var. numismatica Oenothera biennis var. muricata Oenothera biennis f. muricata Oenothera biennis subf. latifolia Oenothera biennis subsp. suaveolens Oenothera biennis subsp. caeciarum Oenothera biennis subsp. centralis Oenothera biennis var. cantabrigiana Oenothera muricata var. rubricaulis Oenothera novae-scotiae var. serratifolia Oenothera pycnocarpa var. parviflora Oenothera sackvillensis var. albiviridis Oenothera victorinii var. parviflora Oenothera victorinii var. undulata Oenothera biennis var. leptomeres Oenothera biennis var. angustifolia Oenothera muricata var. rhodoneura Onagra chrysantha var. latifolia Oenothera biennis var. sulphurea Oenothera biennis var. rubricaulis Oenothera cambrica var. impunctata Oenothera chicaginensis var. bartlettii Oenothera chicaginensis var. minutiflora Oenothera muricata var. latifolia Oenothera nissensis var. fiedleri Oenothera parviflora var. muricata Oenothera rubricaulis var. dentifolia Oenothera rubricaulis var. longistylis Oenothera furca Oenothera grandifolia Oenothera indivisa Oenothera casimiri Oenothera chicaginensis Oenothera purpurata Oenothera marinellae Onagra biennis var. grandiflora Oenothera latipetala Oenothera biennis var. biennis Oenothera muricata Oenothera gaurodes var. brevicapsula Oenothera pycnocarpa var. cleistogama Oenothera victorinii var. intermedia Oenothera jueterbogensis var. macrosperma Oenothera chicaginensis var. parviflora Oenothera communis f. canescens

References

Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis): History, Cha…. americangardener.net.
How To Grow Oenothera biennis. earthone.io.
Oenothera biennis. en.wikipedia.org.
How to Grow and Care for Evening Primrose | Garden…. gardenerspath.com.
Common Evening Primrose. mdc.mo.gov.
Nature's Notebook: Common Evening Primrose. mynpn.usanpn.org.
Great Plains Herbaria - Oenothera biennis. ngpherbaria.org.
Oenothera biennis Evening Primrose, Sun ... - PFAF…. pfaf.org.
COMMON EVENING- PRIMROSE – Oenothera biennis L.. plants.usda.gov.
Oenothera biennis L. | Plants of the World Online …. powo.science.kew.org.
Common Evening Primrose of North America - Oenothe…. wizzley.com.
How to grow and care for an evening primrose plant. gardenersworld.com.
Oenothera biennis (Common Evening Primrose). gardenia.net.
common evening-primrose (Knysna - Alien Invasive a…. inaturalist.org.
Oenothera biennis (Common Evening Primrose). minnesotawildflowers.info.
Oenothera biennis - Plant Finder. missouribotanicalgarden.org.
Oenothera biennis Common Evening Primrose. prairiemoon.com.
Oenothera biennis RHS Plants for Pollinators plant…. rhs.org.uk.
How to Grow and Care for Evening Primrose. thespruce.com.
Oenothera biennis (Common evening-primrose). wildflower.org.
World Flora Online. worldfloraonline.org. June 2024.